
Crossing the Performance-Improvement Chasm:
A Clarion Call to Manage Deep Change

Topic highlights:
▪ The Next Wave
of Competitive Advantage
▪ Why Do We Accept Business Processes We Call
"Soft"
▪ Decisive Evidence We
Don't Control Critical Success Factors
▪ We Must Reconstruct Some Obsolete
Assumptions
○ Five Empowering Assumptions Regarding Performance Excellence
○ The Agony and the Ecstasy of Explicitly Addressing the Mind
▪ Understanding "People Process"
from Execution at
an Actionable Level
▪ Insights
into Aspects of the Auto-Self from a Japanese Perspective
▪ Improving
Leadership Development
▪ The Imperative to Adopt the
Bipartite Mental Model
○
The Top Five Career Derailers
○ Enhancing, Integrating, and Extending Current
Techniques
○ If You Want to Improve Your Organization, Cross the
Chasm Yourself
○ Who Will Lead the Way?
○ The New World of Performance
Excellence
Sustainable success requires replacing the uniform-mind
model of performance with the overarching
bipartite-mind theory of performance excellence.
The Next Wave of Competitive Advantage
“The changes in the global economy…have created a situation where all major competitors have
equal access to capital, technology, people, and markets. In the face of this equal access, where are the remaining
sources of potential advantage?”
- Discontinuous Change: Leading Organizational
Transformation, DavidA.Nadler et. al.
With the playing field
leveled in so many ways, we claim that the best source of competitive advantage lies in maximizing the
effectiveness of people in your organization by recognizing the existence of two distinct modes of mental
activities, understanding the properties of the automatic mode, and employing systematic techniques built upon an
understanding of these properties to improve performance to a higher level than your competition's. Those
organizations that cross the chasm to the bipartite-mind theory of performance excellence and performance
improvement will enjoy a sustainable competitive advantage over their competitors that languish on the myopic side
of the performance-improvement divide.
Why Do We
Accept Business Processes We Call "Soft"?
Because auto-context reconstructions (revealing and
changing previously unchallenged hidden assumptions) inherently create discomfort, most business leaders have
remained comfortably complacent way too long with a performance-improvement structure that does not meet
their success needs. Leaders can no longer afford the luxury of maintaining the (often implicit) assumption
that humans fundamentally operate in a single mode. Current performance-improvement practices have now
accumulated far too many "anomalies" that we loosely bundle together under the vague banner of poorly
understood and inadequately managed "soft" success factors. Would you use "soft" product development
techniques to design an airplane? Would you use "soft" manufacturing processes to build a personal computer?
Would you use "soft" quality-control procedures to ensure the integrity of a heart-lung machine? Most leaders
consider it best to avoid using "soft" accounting practices to keep track of the financial health of their
business. To maximize your ability to succeed, you employ methodical processes with solid theoretical
foundations in all these areas. Why would you tolerate trying to maximize the performance of your most
important assets, your other leaders and valued employees, using nebulous concepts and concomitant processes
that lack a solid theoretical foundation? We now understand that we label so many success factors "soft"
because leaders in the business community have so far failed to recognize and accept the reality of a second
part of the mind that they must critically understand and systematically manage.
Decisive
Evidence We Don't Control Critical Success Factors
When
innovators first gain insight into something new, the best initial way to identify the emergent concept to others
is by relating it to something mutually understood. Hence, the metaphor "soft" emerged to identify a class of
elusive success factors because “soft” connotes mushy, elusive, identifiable but not yet describable, and difficult
to measure. This metaphor gained further strength by comparison to something more familiar, which was then referred
to as “hard” success factors connoting solid, understandable, easy to describe, and normally measurable. As
investigators dug deeper into this new concept, additional insights emerged and once again they used metaphors to
identify them, including thinking “outside the box,” “gut” feelings, “intuitive” insights, “comfort zone”, “tacit”
knowledge, the “people process,” “internalize” an activity, “low road” (Goleman - Social Intelligence), and to a
significant extent even “leadership.” These and many other insights into elusive aspects of performance excellence
in the workplace have been helpful, and clever people have developed techniques to improve these “soft” success
factors, including experiential workshops, transformational coaching, and action learning
activities.
Just as most penetrations
into new ways of seeing things start with metaphors, so also does an increasing need for improvement eventually hit
a point of diminishing returns due to indirectlyidentifying so we know something new exists rather than directlydescribing the new concepts so we can understand them in order to manage them more
effectively. We have remained stuck at the metaphoric stage for some time with respect to performance improvement.
To move beyond metaphoric identifications, we must create some new terminology with precise definitions of the
concepts involved and use the new vocabulary to create a sufficiently robust understanding to weave a theory that
overcomes the previous anomalies (shortcomings). We no longer need to discuss the elusive concept of "soft" success
factors. We can now describe these more powerfully as "auto-self" success factors. In the following table, the left
column presents helpful but increasingly inadequate metaphorical identifications of “soft” success factors as viewed
from the implicit uniform-mind model of human performance. The right column presents the corresponding
robust descriptions of
the same concepts in the form of "auto-self" success factors as viewed from the explicit bipartite-mind theory of human
performance. Eventually, the soft concept of "soft" success factors should atrophy in favor of the hard concept of
"auto-self" success factors.
|
Current
“Metaphoric”
Identifications
of Soft Success
Factors
|
New
Bipartite-Mind Theory
Descriptions
of Auto-Self Success
Factors
|
|
The "box" (paradigms,
mental models)
|
Recognizing that
our thoughts have constraints
is insufficient:
▪ We describe auto-contexts, a component of the
auto-self
▪ We know how to reconstruct them using bipartite-mind
theory
|
|
The importance of
“self-awareness”
|
“Self-awareness” is
too vague in current concepts:
▪ Static self-awareness: recognizing an auto-self
characteristic
▪ Dynamic self-awareness: noticing an auto-self
action
|
|
"Comfort
zone"
|
We finally
recognize that feelings matter;
now we need to go much further:
▪ Reconcile comfort priorities versus success
priorities
▪ Avoid the unfair fight
▪ Resolve internal reality wars
▪ Counteract the discomfort of blockages to action and
auto-self transformations
▪ Overcome pleasure associated with inappropriate
behaviors
|
|
"Gut"
feel
|
We currently
recognize we somehow mysteriously make
some decisions without knowing how we do it:
▪ Understanding auto-expertise takes the mystery out of
this
phenomenon
|
|
“People
process”
(Execution: The
Discipline of Getting Things Done by Bossidy & Charan)
|
Distinguishing the
people process from the operations and strategy processes is helpful, but we need
more:
▪ The thinking-self controls strategy and operations
processes
and incremental improvements to them.
▪ The auto-self controls the people process and radical
(auto-context) improvements to the strategy process.
|
|
"Tacit"
knowledge
(The
Knowledge-Creating Company
by
Nonaka and Takeuchi)
|
Recognizing the
importance of non-explicit knowledge is helpful,but additional distinctions can
empower:
▪ Auto-contexts as a form of "tacit"
knowledge
▪ Auto-skills as a form of "tacit" knowledge
▪ Auto-expertise as a form of "tacit"
knowledge
▪ These distinctions enable greater understanding and
more-effective, better-targeted improvement techniques.
|
It doesn't matter how smart or knowledgeable you are,
you cannot "think" your way through managing the “soft” success factors in the left column of the above
list. ThomasKuhn taught us long ago to recognize the
accumulation of anomalies as the sign we need a paradigm shift. We can add that another indicator that we
have reached the point where we must search for a more effective way to understand an important topic is the
accumulation of metaphors that identify issues that we need to describe so we can understand and manage them
more effectively. We must face the fact that we label so many success factors with the general metaphor
"soft,” and use additional metaphors for specific aspects of automatic activities, because they are anomalies
within the current uniform-mind performance-improvement auto-context (paradigm, Pinnacle, or theoretical
structure) that we use to understand and improve performance. Hear the clarion call to adapt to the new
bipartite-mind approach to view and manage performance excellence.
We
Must Reconstruct Some Obsolete Assumptions
As we have asserted,
auto-contexts enable and constrain the access we have to key concepts. Most leaders lack one or more of the
following five empowering assumptions (either explicit contexts or implicit auto-contexts) to frame their approach
to performance excellence.
Five Empowering Assumptions Regarding Performance
Excellence:
1. Soft Success Factors Play a Crucial Role in
Success
2. We Must
Address the Mind - It Is Bipartite
3. Understanding Something about the Auto-Self Empowers
Us
4. Feelings Play a Key Role in Workplace
Performance
5. Auto-Self Improvement Differs Fundamentally from Thinking-Self
Improvement
Here is an empowering challenge for you. What do you
assume about these five issues? Whether you realize it or not, you do have underlying assumptions about these
topics. If you don't have explicit assumptions, try to "dig out" the implicit assumptions buried in your
auto-contexts that you use to understand human performance excellence and performance improvement.
1: Soft Success
Factors Play a Crucial Role in Success: I have met executives
who claim soft success factors aren't important. Look at the list in the table above. Most leaders will realize
that these topics are crucial to success and do their best to handle them. Successful people who believe otherwise
still somehow address these issues, but they could manage auto-self success factors much better if they understood
them explicitly and used systematic processes built upon the bipartite-mind theory.
2: We Must
Address the Mind - It Is Bipartite: Evidence from business practice and the performance-improvement literature demonstrate that an
overwhelming majority of leaders believe there is no need to understand the mind in business. Unfortunately, that
belief blocks access to a new foundation to create a more robust set of systematic processes to manage the “soft”
success factors. Even if you don't explicitly think about the mind and even if you think it's not appropriate to
discuss the mind in a work environment, you still have an implicit assumption about how the mind works. Try to
uncover your implicit assumption about the mind. If you assume it is uniform and controlled mainly by thoughts and
explicit knowledge, then your challenge is to explain how to understand and manage the soft success factors in the
above table using that assumption explicitly. Good luck!
3: Understanding
Something About the Auto-Self Empowers Us:
Leaders who are not
experts in performance improvement still benefit significantly from understanding the four types of auto-self
(auto-behaviors, auto-contexts, auto-skills, and auto-expertise) and at least having familiarity with some key
properties of the auto-self (involuntary, operates outside of awareness, repeated activities migrate to the
auto-self, induces feelings). Leaders would also do well to understand the unfair fight, competing priorities, and
the principle of counteracting auto-self drives. It also helps to understand when auto-self factors interfere with
success to the point where further improvements may require securing expert transformation
resources.
4: Feelings Play
a Key Role in Workplace Performance: After having read the
section on dual priorities, and looking over the summary of feelings-related success factors in the above table, I
hope you don't still harbor the antiquated assumption that feelings don't affect personal performance. If you
maintain that assumption, you will never achieve the level of leadership excellence that you could otherwise
enjoy.
5: Auto-Self
Improvement Differs Fundamentally from Thinking-Self Improvement: Manyotherwise effective leaders continue to make the mistake
of trying to use directives or explanations to get people to execute more effectively when auto-self actions
control the activity. One of the significant advantages of the bipartite-mind theory comes from explicitly
recognizing the auto-self, understanding its properties, and building reliable techniques upon the solid foundation
of the bipartite-mind theory. We cannot improve the thinking-self by imparting new knowledge.
The Agony and the Ecstasy of Explicitly Addressing the
Mind:
|
"I have been searching for a solid way to understand and effectively manage these elusive success
factors." |
Here is
how Gloria, the HR director for an industrial products manufacturing company, relayed her experience with
encountering the need to understand the mind. “I am an HR generalist, but my main focus is on developing
people to reach their potential as the means for me to add the greatest value to our company's success. I have
taken soft success factors seriously for a long time, and I have been searching for a solid way to understand and
effectively manage these elusive success factors. I became increasingly frustrated while searching for clear
definitions of most aspects of the soft success factors including leadership, thinking outside the box, gut feel,
and the whole concept of soft factors in general.”
Even though Gloria was not able to understand automatic activities very well, she decided to embark on a set
of potential improvements on the "soft" side of human performance. She described her first intervention approach as
follows: “In an effort to improve the performance of some of our leaders, we hired coaches but they achieved vastly
varying degrees of success. The coaches who seemed most able to help people change behaviors were reformed
psychotherapists who had learned enough business vocabulary to interact reasonably well while trying to improve our
leaders. Other coaches provided some helpful advice, but they seemed clueless about how to change some of the soft
issues; these people appeared to perform like what we used to call “consultants” who have now hung out a different
shingle. As we assessed progress after a few engagements, we abandoned coaching as too haphazard and not providing
enough payback for our investment, producing sufficient improvement to meet our needs, or creating changes that
consistently endure.”
Gloria was persistent, so she continued to experiment with performance-improvement techniques, as
she relates: “I sent people to leadership-development classes. They generally come back enthusiastic that they
learned a lot and that the experience-based interactions helped them change. However, I also noticed that a few
weeks after they return, most of them reverted back to many of their old behaviors and
abilities.” Gloria saw some progress, but she knew she needed more,
so she tried yet another approach. “We retained one organization that wanted to help us try the consumer-oriented
Emotional Intelligence approach in the workplace. That program helped our organization realize that feelings do
play a significant role in the workplace, but it was not the comprehensive program I was looking for because it
could not handle many aspects of performance excellence, including developing leadership skills and understanding
how embedded paradigms affect our business strategy.”
Gloria finally encountered a
colleague who knew about the bipartite-mind theory. To say the least, she did not jump at this opening, as she
explains: "When an acquaintance told me I needed to come to grips with the second component of the human mind, I
thought I had met a New Age wacko trying to take me off to mystical la-la land that might entertain but has no
relevancy to business success. Service providers come in here all the time trying to sell me
performance-improvement processes. When any of them start discussing the mind, I usually run for cover. There seems
to be an endless array of mystical theories that promise magical solutions. One particularly enthusiastic lady
tried to speak to me about the Reiki system and how it would really help us all perform better. After she left, I googled ‘Reiki’ and got over 12 million hits. I
was impressed; this must be a popular system. Then I looked further into it and discovered that it postulated
actual mental energy waves floating around in space. I have no patience with that mystical stuff. I remember from
my undergraduate psychology classes that two common denominators that seemed to make all of the psychotherapeutic
approaches work somewhat was that they provided support and hope. So, I assume people using mystical coaching
practices might enable some improvements through providing support and by creating hope if these ‘coaches’ could
somehow convince down-to-earth executives that these mystical processes could really help them. Even though these
‘coaches’ might achieve some benefit through this placebo effect, there is no way this minimalist approach would
give us a sustainable competitive advantage, and we would fall into a competitive disadvantage against our
competitors who locate and use truly effective techniques. I need solid concepts and reliable improvement
techniques to help us outperform our competitors.”
With that inauspicious
setup, we attempted to persuade Gloria
|
"Activities that used to bewilder me suddenly became clear." |
that the bipartite-mind theory was just what she
had been looking for. Fortunately, she eventually broke through her resistance, as she recounts: “I was surprised
and frustrated by the lack of organized processes to understand and improve the soft success factors. When I
encountered the bipartite-mind theory, I was very skeptical. I had been down too many dead ends in the past, and I
was afraid that explicitly discussing the mind would not play well with my internal clients and that this approach
might dig into excessive complexity, use psychobabble,
or veer off into some form of mysticism like
so
many other attempts to deal with the mind. Once I got
over the shock and made an effort to consider why understanding the dual nature of the mind might help us succeed,
it started to make sense. It provides clear definitions of every aspect of soft success factors that I am aware of.
The bipartite-mind model is solid and understandable. It does not entail digging deeply into psychological
intricacies of the mind or philosophizing about the mind. It also avoids the burden of diving into the complexities
of the neurophysiology of the brain, as the emotional-intelligence people used to support their theory. The bipartite-mind theory
uses new leader-friendly terminology, which I welcomed because I needed a new way to understand what I knew as
‘soft success factors.’ What I discovered was that I needed to learn a minimal amount about
the mind that would
enable me to lead my organization more effectively and guide others to improve their performance systematically. As
I overcame my initial uneasiness and accepted the dual nature of our mind, activities that used to bewilder me
suddenly became clear. The new distinction of the auto-self enabled me to notice people working uncontrollably that
I would have missed before. It also enabled me to guide others to apply processes appropriate to various aspects of
the auto-self and to seek external help when our efforts failed."
Gloria agonized over her initial resistance to
discovering how understanding the dual nature of the mind and a little about how the automatic part of our
mind controls so much of our success. Such resistance is normal; it occurs when we try to understand a
concept that is outside a current auto-context about any topic, including human performance. However, her
rather long resistance upset Gloria, as she recounted: "I have long prided myself on being innovative and open to new ideas.
Yet, somehow I resisted learning about the bipartite mind. When I finally dove in and understood it, I
discovered answers to most of my questions and that opened up powerful new possibilities. I’m ecstatic that I
discovered and eventually embraced the bipartite-mind theory. Not only does it solve many previously elusive
issues for me at work, but I now I understand some of my children’s weird behaviors better and maybe know a
bit more about how to guide them.” What Gloria experienced was the chasm between understanding, or even seriously considering,
concepts outside of current auto-contexts, and the reality of actually experiencing the process. For
auto-self activities, knowing does not help much in doing. Fortunately, we were able to counteract her
inherent resistance by inducing virtual consequences to counteract her automatic resistance to understand
something outside of a current auto-context, and that put her in a new position to help her
company
Consistent
with Gloria’s drive to improve
performance, she took actions when she finally embraced the bipartite model of human performance, as she relates:
“We had many leaders sit through the presentation and some interactions on the auto-self theory and techniques.
This was a helpful exercise because now the key leaders in the organization have a higher awareness of those things
we do automatically and have some better ways of discussing them. We also put two people through a coaching
program, with excellent results that are still in effect more than a year after they completed their
program.
|
"I think all leaders should participate in a performance survey." |
To her credit, and as a powerful testimonial to her leadership in performance
improvement, Gloria also participated in a leadership performance survey and then proceeded into a coaching
engagement. Gloria demonstrated particularly high courage because no one was pushing her to participate in the
leadership survey. As usual, Gloria had some of her strengths confirmed, discovered some strengths she had not
previously appreciated, and encountered some stinging feedback, particular in the verbatim reports. Here is how she
recounted her experience with the survey feedback: “I think all leaders should participate in a performance survey
and that is particularly true for those of us who need to get others to participate. Among other benefits, the
survey causes you to understand at a profound experiential level the concept of internal reality wars. It also
helped me to understand at a deeper level that we all do things we do not recognize and do not want to do. When you
receive feedback that indicates you act in ways you do not condone and that you believed you did not act, it hurts.
I think I took a couple of cheap shots that only appeared in isolated single quotes. Apparently I had done some
things that upset one or two of my reviewers. However, my coach encouraged me to ignore these comments because they
were what he called a ‘singleton’ comments. Together, we focused on patterns, which the survey report conveniently
grouped for me. The “cheap shots” aside, I still received some consistent feedback that surprised me. I don’t think
I paid as much attention to some of the feedback as I should during the debriefing session because I kept going
over in my head some of the feedback that contradicted my self-image. I think it took about a week for me to
assimilate my feedback and begin the uncomfortable process of accepting it and committing to change my behaviors
that I thought were dysfunctional. Fortunately, during my coaching session, my coach went over all of my verbatim
feedback line-by-line with me as I formulated my intentions for my new behaviors.”
Gloria also expressed her desire to learn to coach,
but she understood the potential downside of internal coaching due to potential conflicts in confidential
disclosure, as she explained: “I want to learn to coach because I think I could do a good job and because it would
lower the overall investment my company will need make on auto-self improvements. However, I realize that during
coaching I disclosed information about my personal life that I would never discuss with a colleague for fear it may
get out at work. I understand from my coach that only about 1/3 of the people in coaching discuss significant
aspects of their personal life, so I could potentially coach two-thirds of the leaders who need help. The problem
is how do we know which people might discuss personal issues ahead of time to determine if an internal coach can
work effectively?” Gloria had an appropriate insight into the confidentiality issue regarding internal coaches.
While potentially crucial to the coaching process (as with
the Roger and Morry coaching engagements), the specter of confidentiality issues should not
automatically exclude internal coaching. Sometimes the survey feedback may indicate a behavior that has high
potential to impact family members. Also, one could ask coachees if they would like to discuss behaviors outside of
work and if so would they prefer an external coach. Finally, while not desirable, an internal coach could recommend
changing to an external coach if, during the coaching process, the coachee indicates a desire to include personal
“events” with regard to enacting intentions but does not want to disclose them to a colleague.
Gloria's new awareness of the dual nature of the human
mind is typical of people who reconstruct their underlying assumptions about human performance. I recently heard
a CEO client explain to one of
his employees, "I realize you probably did not intend to do it, but your auto-self causes it and you just don't
notice. I'm telling you that your colleagues and I have observed the behavior I described. Now let's discuss how
you can overcome that counterproductive habit." In the past, rather than using this patient, insightful, and
productive approach, this CEO would have torn into the employee for deliberately doing something wrong and for denying
it.
Understanding "People
Process" from Execution
at Actionable Level
Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan, in their
book, Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things
Done, address many aspects of the auto-self when they identify the
existence and importance of what they call the "people process." I think this excellent book would be even more
powerful if they discussed the people process in terms of the bipartite-mind model outlined at this website. The
table below lists some of the examples they give for the people process along with deeper understanding provided by
the bipartite-mind theory. Understanding the properties of the auto-self also enables us to create and use
systematic processes for improving the people process.
|
Examples of
People Processes
|
Deeper Understanding
Using Auto-Self Properties
|
|
“Soft” stuff
|
The general name currently used for most auto-self
activities
|
|
Self-discovery
Self-awareness
|
Static self-awareness (discover your auto-self
characteristics)
|
|
Emotional blockage
Inability to act decisively
Lack of courage
|
Auto-behavior blockage to action
|
|
Micromanaging
Behaviors that drain others
|
Auto-behavior excesses
|
|
Tenacity; persistence
Enormous drive for winning
|
Auto-behavior drivers
|
|
Behavior change
|
Auto-behavior transformation
|
|
Behavioral blind sides
|
Auto-behaviors operate outside of awareness and
independent of intentions
|
|
Blind loyalty
Lack of personal commitment
|
Auto-contexts
|
|
Changing assumptions
Out-of-the-box ideas
|
Auto-context reconstructions
|
|
Cultural change
|
Reconstruct shared auto-contexts (cross chasm to
new contextual Pinnacle)
|
|
Attitude change
|
Reconstruct a personal auto-context about someone
or something
|
|
Psychological comfort factor
|
Comfort priorities; the Comfort Imperative;
internal reality wars
|
|
Body language
|
Nonverbal (evocative) communications (auto-self
Property #11)
|
|
Not an intellectual exercise
|
That is, an auto-self, not a thinking-self,
exercise
|
|
People skills
|
Interpersonal auto-skills
|
Bossidy and
Charan make some powerful statements about the importance of the people process.
“The [auto-self
based] people process is more important than either the [thinking-self based] strategy or operations
processes.”
“If you don’t get the people process right,
you will never fulfill the potential of your business.”
Insights into Aspects of
the Auto-Self from a Japanese Perspective
Ikujiro Nonaka
& Hirotaka Takeuchi, in their book, The Knowledge Creating
Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, focus
on what they call "tacit" knowledge.
"Japanese companies…recognize that the
knowledge expressed in words and numbers represents only the tip of the iceberg. They view knowledge as being
primarily “tacit” – something not easily visible and expressible."
The authors provide a useful distinction between
explicit and "tacit" (or what psychologists call "implicit") knowledge. I think their insights become clearer and
more powerful if we further distinguish fundamentally different types of “tacit knowledge” by recognizing that the
authors include auto-contexts, some auto-skills, and auto-expertise under what they identify as "tacit
knowledge."
Tacit knowledge
as auto-contexts: "Tacit knowledge contains an important
cognitive dimension. It consists of schemata, mental models, beliefs, and perceptions so ingrained that we
take them for granted."
Tacit knowledge
as auto-skills:
"One day, however, she [a woman trying to build an automatic bread
making machine] noticed that the baker was not only stretching but also “twisting” the dough, which turned
out to be the secret for making tasty bread. Thus she socialized the head baker’s tacit knowledge through
observation, imitation, and practice."
Tacit knowledge
as auto-expertise: "Tacit knowledge is highly personal and
hard to formalize, making it difficult to communicate or to share with others. Subjective insights,
intuitions, and hunches fall into this category of knowledge."
The authors provide excellent discussions about
auto-contexts and some auto-skills as in the example above. However, they don't distinguish these forms explicitly
or discuss the characteristics of auto-expertise. Unlike auto-contexts, which are hidden assumptions and beliefs
that we can make explicit through probing and reflection; and auto-skills, which are automatic actions that we can
discover through observation; auto-expertise relies on complex pattern and relationship matching that defies
procedural understanding. Returning to our chess example, chess experts cannot explain how their auto-self performs
pattern matching. Proof of this comes from the extreme difficulty encountered in programming computers to compete
with chess grandmasters who use their rapid, highly-parallel auto-expertise but cannot explain the rules they use
because this part of their mind does not work in the sequential mode that we are used to with our slow
thinking-self and that computers execute rapidly. When we distinguish different auto-self forms of tacit knowledge,
we create new clarity for understanding opportunities to manage non-explicit knowledge that can improve our chances
to succeed.
Improving Leadership
Development
Even the best
leadership development organizations today don't do as well as they could because we have lacked the common
assumption of a bipartite mind and a theory that describes the inner workings of the automatic side of human
performance. Here is what Jay Conger, in his
book, Learning to Lead: The Art of Transforming Managers into
Leaders, says about leadership development:
“I am convinced that the personal growth
approaches could be significantly more powerful than they are, but many of their designers do not fully appreciate
the mechanics of their own techniques.”
"The personal growth dimensions of a program
are, I believe, among the greatest levers that formal training can apply in developing leadership ability, which is
why we need to spend more time understanding them. Potentially, they address
the inner side of an individual [the auto-self], which is where leadership may ultimately spring from or
where it is blocked."
We should interpret Conger’s observations as yet
another clarion call to cross the chasm to a theory-based approach to leadership development.
The bipartite model of the mind enables us to
understand that the underlying reason we distinguish management from leadership is because the thinking-self drives
most management practices and the auto-self controls most leadership abilities. If we want to raise leadership
development to the level of management development, we must explicitly recognize, understand, and conquer the
auto-self. Most successful leaders today use a combination of natural interpersonal skills and a tenacious,
forceful personality to inspire and drive people toward desired goals. In addition to teaching leadership skills,
leadership development in the future will need to be much more adept at constructing abilities to reveal hidden
auto-contexts, test them against business needs, and reconstruct them when they no longer match success needs.
Performance developers will also need to construct in leaders the ability to guide others to transform their
auto-behaviors and to have the courage to learn about their own auto-characteristics and the wisdom to seek help if
the feedback identifies serious shortcomings. In general terms, instead of endless arguments about the true nature of "leadership," we can focus on the
auto-behaviors, auto-skills, auto-contexts, and auto-expertise managers need to have, in addition to sufficient
thinking-self knowledge and IQ points, to run organizations successfully.
The Imperative to Adopt the Bipartite Mental
Model
The evidence is
overwhelming that the uniform-mind assumption for performance improvement has outlived its usefulness. The
consequences are too severe to remain trapped in an anachronistic performance-improvement culture. To remain
successful, leaders must brace themselves to cross the chasm now to a new contextual Pinnacle for performance
improvement. If you accept that assertion, you have two viable alternatives: adopt the bipartite-mind theory
proposed here or find (or construct!) a better alternative. I assert unequivocally that the implicit uniform-mind
model has become irretrievably archaic. Any new theory you choose must explicitly recognize, model, and manage the
automatic mode of human activities. There are no empowering reasons, only disempowering excuses, for not abandoning
the current uniform-mind model and crossing the chasm to a bipartite-mind theory of human performance that
explicitly recognizes and effectively handles automatic human activities.
In the past, when
paradigm-breaking achievements in product development, manufacturing, distribution, or quality management emerged,
those who crossed the chasm early saw their careers flourish, and they played key roles in helping their companies
succeed. Those who remained trapped in the old culture saw their careers stagnate at best, and they didn't lead
their companies toward greater success. You face such a turning point now for adopting a new paradigm with respect
to execution and performance improvement.
The Top Five Career Derailers:
Auto-self deficiencies cause four of
the top five derailers according to the results from a study reported
by Jean Brittain Leslie & Ellen Van Velsor in their Center for Creative Leadership booklet, A Look at Derailment Today: North
America and Europe.
Here are the top five
derailers:
- Inability to develop or adapt
- Poor working relationships
- Inability to build or lead a
team
- Poor performance
- Authoritarianism
Four of the career derailers are clearly auto-self deficiencies. Either the
thinking-self or the auto-self could cause the remaining derailer, poor performance, with both likely contributing.
Because the auto-self causes most career derailments, and because properties of the auto-self include taking place
outside of awareness and occurring independent of intentions, we now easily recognize why previously successful
people are blindsided by their career setbacks, and we know how to
prevent it.
Enhancing, Integrating, and Extending Current
Techniques:
A wonderful aspect of crossing the
chasm to the bipartite-mind theory of performance improvement is that all of the current techniques that develop
the thinking-self remain just as effective as before we made the leap. The bipartite model of performance does
not replace how we
understand and manage the thinking-self; it retains what we have and adds explicit recognition, fundamental
understanding, and systematic techniques for improving the auto-self. And, current techniques that work for
managing some aspects of the auto-self remain available, only now they have a solid theoretical foundation, so we
can extend them and make them more systematic. Additionally, new techniques will emerge built upon the foundation
of the new bipartite-mind theoretical structure, some of which we outlined on earlier web pages.
In addition to complementing other
performance-improvement efforts as indicated above, the overarching bipartite-mind theory provides a common
underpinning for many seemingly distinct concepts such as execution, undesired behaviors, blockages to action,
non-explicit (tacit) knowledge, leadership development, culture change, interpersonal skills, performance
improvement, coaching, self-help, and blindsided career derailment.
If You Want to Improve Your Organization, Cross the
Chasm Yourself:
"It
is now widely recognized that to remain competitive in today’s global environment, organizations must frequently
make deep change. What is not so widely recognized is that organizational members must also make deep change. Deep
personal change is being demanded with more frequency today than in the past."
"Organizational change always begins with a
personal change."
- Deep Change: Discovering the Leader
Within, Robert E.Quinn
Culture change occurs when a critical mass of
individuals reconstruct a personal auto-context that they share with others in the organization. Most organizations
have an anemic cultural framework (shared auto-context) with respect to performance improvement. Overcoming this
starts with making everyone’s assumptions about the mind explicit. This will enable productive discussions about
the robustness of current improvement techniques. The uniform model of the mind (or even worse acting phobic about
understanding or examining the mind) is the deep-seated barrier to catching the new wave of performance improvement
leading to competitive advantage. Organizational change starts with personal change. Make your assumptions explicit
about how the mind processes the so-called "soft" success factors. When you recognize the bipartite nature of the
mind, that will open up a new universe of opportunities for you in your ability to manage the auto-self success
factors.
Who Will Lead the
Way?
Operational leaders in businesses and other types of
organizations have the direct responsibility for maximizing the performance of people in their organization, but
most operating executives are too busy in the hand-to-hand combat aspects of running their business to spend the
time or devote the energy to take the lead in understanding what it takes to cross the chasm to a new performance
improvement culture. It will normally fall to performance specialists, both inside and outside of operating
companies, to cross the performance-improvement chasm themselves first and then guide the operating executives to
adapt. This is what Rachel did with Sam when they couldn't get the performance they needed out of key leaders in
their organization (as we mentioned in the Pinnacle section). Performance specialists focused on a broad spectrum
of improvements including leadership developers, culture changers, organization development specialists, trainers,
transformational coaches, business book authors and consultants, HR generalists, executive recruiters, performance
improvement organizations, and university business schools must face the inadequacy of the current underlying
assumption of a uniform mind and adopt the bipartite mind as the base assumption to maximize performance.
Performance specialists can then use a bipartite-mind theory of performance improvement to help the leaders they
serve create an "unfair" advantage against their competitors who miss this next wave of performance
improvement.
The New World of Performance Excellence:
Heed the clarion call to cross the
performance-improvement chasm. Expectations and processes for achieving peak performance have now reached the
inevitable turning point of transforming from metaphoric identification of many automatically-enacted aspects of
human performance (the so-called "soft" success factors) to explicit recognition of the bipartite mind and solid
understanding of how the auto-self works, upon which a proliferation of reliable improvement processes will be
built. The concepts and techniques outlined at this website outline a transformation path to a new shared
auto-context regarding achieving peak performance and sustaining success.
"Organizations need to develop a work force
that can change several times, not just once."
- Sustaining Change: Creating
the Resilient Organization, by Mitchell Lee Marks
and Robert E. Shaw in Discontinuous
Change, David A. Nadler et. al. editors.
The bipartite model of the mind makes clear that we
not only need to learn continuously, we also must recontextualize
periodically. The chasm you need to cross right now to a new performance
improvement Pinnacle is an example of the recontextualizing process, which you will need to do periodically for
your business model, attitudes, self-image, and shared behavior expectations. Besides improving through these
auto-context reconstructions, the auto-self improves through periodic auto-behavior transformations, auto-skill
practice, and auto-expertise development. The gold standard for performance excellence in the future will be to
become a transformable leader,
and the concomitant paragon for business success will be to become a transformable organization. We have now reached the critical turning
point in organizational development where creating auto-self
transformability will provide the most potent source of sustainable competitive
advantage. Welcome to the expanded world of execution
excellence!
Change starts with
you. Here are some performance do's and don'ts you can start
practicing now.
  
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